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Text File | 1998-10-28 | 83.9 KB | 2,179 lines

PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE perldelta - what's new for perl5.004 DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN This document describes differences between the 5.003 release (as documented in _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_i_n_g _P_e_r_l, second edition--the Camel Book) and this one. SSSSuuuuppppppppoooorrrrtttteeeedddd EEEEnnnnvvvviiiirrrroooonnnnmmmmeeeennnnttttssss Perl5.004 builds out of the box on Unix, Plan 9, LynxOS, VMS, OS/2, QNX, AmigaOS, and Windows NT. Perl runs on Windows 95 as well, but it cannot be built there, for lack of a reasonable command interpreter. CCCCoooorrrreeee CCCChhhhaaaannnnggggeeeessss Most importantly, many bugs were fixed, including several security problems. See the _C_h_a_n_g_e_s file in the distribution for details. LLLLiiiisssstttt aaaassssssssiiiiggggnnnnmmmmeeeennnntttt ttttoooo %%%%EEEENNNNVVVV works %ENV = () and %ENV = @list now work as expected (except on VMS where it generates a fatal error). """"CCCCaaaannnn''''tttt llllooooccccaaaatttteeee FFFFoooooooo....ppppmmmm iiiinnnn @@@@IIIINNNNCCCC" error now lists @INC CCCCoooommmmppppiiiillllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooppppttttiiiioooonnnn:::: BBBBiiiinnnnaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooommmmppppaaaattttiiiibbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy wwwwiiiitttthhhh 5555....000000003333 There is a new Configure question that asks if you want to maintain binary compatibility with Perl 5.003. If you choose binary compatibility, you do not have to recompile your extensions, but you might have symbol conflicts if you embed Perl in another application, just as in the 5.003 release. By default, binary compatibility is preserved at the expense of symbol table pollution. $$$$PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555OOOOPPPPTTTT environment variable You may now put Perl options in the $PERL5OPT environment variable. Unless Perl is running with taint checks, it will interpret this variable as if its contents had appeared on a "#!perl" line at the beginning of your script, except that hyphens are optional. PERL5OPT may only be used to set the following switches: ----[[[[DDDDIIIIMMMMUUUUddddmmmmwwww]]]]. LLLLiiiimmmmiiiittttaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss oooonnnn ----MMMM, ----mmmm, and ----TTTT options The -M and -m options are no longer allowed on the #! line of a script. If a script needs a module, it should invoke it with the use pragma. The ----TTTT option is also forbidden on the #! line of a script, Page 1 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) unless it was present on the Perl command line. Due to the way #! works, this usually means that ----TTTT must be in the first argument. Thus: #!/usr/bin/perl -T -w will probably work for an executable script invoked as scriptname, while: #!/usr/bin/perl -w -T will probably fail under the same conditions. (Non-Unix systems will probably not follow this rule.) But perl scriptname is guaranteed to fail, since then there is no chance of ----TTTT being found on the command line before it is found on the #! line. MMMMoooorrrreeee pppprrrreeeecccciiiisssseeee wwwwaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnnggggssss If you removed the ----wwww option from your Perl 5.003 scripts because it made Perl too verbose, we recommend that you try putting it back when you upgrade to Perl 5.004. Each new perl version tends to remove some undesirable warnings, while adding new warnings that may catch bugs in your scripts. DDDDeeeepppprrrreeeeccccaaaatttteeeedddd:::: IIIInnnnhhhheeeerrrriiiitttteeeedddd AAAAUUUUTTTTOOOOLLLLOOOOAAAADDDD for non-methods Before Perl 5.004, AUTOLOAD functions were looked up as methods (using the @ISA hierarchy), even when the function to be autoloaded was called as a plain function (e.g. Foo::bar()), not a method (e.g. Foo->bar() or $obj->bar()). Perl 5.005 will use method lookup only for methods' AUTOLOADs. However, there is a significant base of existing code that may be using the old behavior. So, as an interim step, Perl 5.004 issues an optional warning when a non- method uses an inherited AUTOLOAD. The simple rule is: Inheritance will not work when autoloading non-methods. The simple fix for old code is: In any module that used to depend on inheriting AUTOLOAD for non-methods from a base class named BaseClass, execute *AUTOLOAD = \&BaseClass::AUTOLOAD during startup. PPPPrrrreeeevvvviiiioooouuuussssllllyyyy ddddeeeepppprrrreeeeccccaaaatttteeeedddd %%%%OOOOVVVVEEEERRRRLLLLOOOOAAAADDDD is no longer usable Using %OVERLOAD to define overloading was deprecated in 5.003. Overloading is now defined using the overload pragma. %OVERLOAD is still used internally but should not be used by Perl scripts. See the _o_v_e_r_l_o_a_d manpage for more details. Page 2 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) SSSSuuuubbbbrrrroooouuuuttttiiiinnnneeee aaaarrrrgggguuuummmmeeeennnnttttssss ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeedddd oooonnnnllllyyyy wwwwhhhheeeennnn tttthhhheeeeyyyy''''rrrreeee mmmmooooddddiiiiffffiiiieeeedddd In Perl 5.004, nonexistent array and hash elements used as subroutine parameters are brought into existence only if they are actually assigned to (via @_). Earlier versions of Perl vary in their handling of such arguments. Perl versions 5.002 and 5.003 always brought them into existence. Perl versions 5.000 and 5.001 brought them into existence only if they were not the first argument (which was almost certainly a bug). Earlier versions of Perl never brought them into existence. For example, given this code: undef @a; undef %a; sub show { print $_[0] }; sub change { $_[0]++ }; show($a[2]); change($a{b}); After this code executes in Perl 5.004, $a{b} exists but $a[2] does not. In Perl 5.002 and 5.003, both $a{b} and $a[2] would have existed (but $a[2]'s value would have been undefined). GGGGrrrroooouuuupppp vvvveeeeccccttttoooorrrr cccchhhhaaaannnnggggeeeeaaaabbbblllleeee wwwwiiiitttthhhh $$$$)))) The $) special variable has always (well, in Perl 5, at least) reflected not only the current effective group, but also the group list as returned by the getgroups() C function (if there is one). However, until this release, there has not been a way to call the setgroups() C function from Perl. In Perl 5.004, assigning to $) is exactly symmetrical with examining it: The first number in its string value is used as the effective gid; if there are any numbers after the first one, they are passed to the setgroups() C function (if there is one). FFFFiiiixxxxeeeedddd ppppaaaarrrrssssiiiinnnngggg ooooffff $$$$$$$$<<<<ddddiiiiggggiiiitttt>>>>,,,, &&&&$$$$<<<<ddddiiiiggggiiiitttt>>>>,,,, eeeettttcccc.... Perl versions before 5.004 misinterpreted any type marker followed by "$" and a digit. For example, "$$0" was incorrectly taken to mean "${$}0" instead of "${$0}". This bug is (mostly) fixed in Perl 5.004. However, the developers of Perl 5.004 could not fix this bug completely, because at least two widely-used modules depend on the old meaning of "$$0" in a string. So Perl 5.004 still interprets "$$<digit>" in the old (broken) way inside Page 3 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) strings; but it generates this message as a warning. And in Perl 5.005, this special treatment will cease. FFFFiiiixxxxeeeedddd llllooooccccaaaalllliiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff $$$$<<<<ddddiiiiggggiiiitttt>>>>,,,, $$$$&&&&,,,, eeeettttcccc.... Perl versions before 5.004 did not always properly localize the regex-related special variables. Perl 5.004 does localize them, as the documentation has always said it should. This may result in $1, $2, etc. no longer being set where existing programs use them. NNNNoooo rrrreeeesssseeeettttttttiiiinnnngggg ooooffff $$$$.... oooonnnn iiiimmmmpppplllliiiicccciiiitttt cccclllloooosssseeee The documentation for Perl 5.0 has always stated that $. is _n_o_t reset when an already-open file handle is reopened with no intervening call to close. Due to a bug, perl versions 5.000 through 5.003 _d_i_d reset $. under that circumstance; Perl 5.004 does not. wwwwaaaannnnttttaaaarrrrrrrraaaayyyy may return undef The wantarray operator returns true if a subroutine is expected to return a list, and false otherwise. In Perl 5.004, wantarray can also return the undefined value if a subroutine's return value will not be used at all, which allows subroutines to avoid a time-consuming calculation of a return value if it isn't going to be used. eeeevvvvaaaallll EEEEXXXXPPPPRRRR determines value of EXPR in scalar context Perl (version 5) used to determine the value of EXPR inconsistently, sometimes incorrectly using the surrounding context for the determination. Now, the value of EXPR (before being parsed by eval) is always determined in a scalar context. Once parsed, it is executed as before, by providing the context that the scope surrounding the eval provided. This change makes the behavior Perl4 compatible, besides fixing bugs resulting from the inconsistent behavior. This program: @a = qw(time now is time); print eval @a; print '|', scalar eval @a; used to print something like "timenowis881399109|4", but now (and in perl4) prints "4|4". CCCChhhhaaaannnnggggeeeessss ttttoooo ttttaaaaiiiinnnnttttiiiinnnngggg cccchhhheeeecccckkkkssss A bug in previous versions may have failed to detect some insecure conditions when taint checks are turned on. (Taint checks are used in setuid or setgid scripts, or when Page 4 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) explicitly turned on with the -T invocation option.) Although it's unlikely, this may cause a previously-working script to now fail -- which should be construed as a blessing, since that indicates a potentially-serious security hole was just plugged. The new restrictions when tainting include: No glob() or <*> These operators may spawn the C shell (csh), which cannot be made safe. This restriction will be lifted in a future version of Perl when globbing is implemented without the use of an external program. No spawning if tainted $CDPATH, $ENV, $BASH_ENV These environment variables may alter the behavior of spawned programs (especially shells) in ways that subvert security. So now they are treated as dangerous, in the manner of $IFS and $PATH. No spawning if tainted $TERM doesn't look like a terminal name Some termcap libraries do unsafe things with $TERM. However, it would be unnecessarily harsh to treat all $TERM values as unsafe, since only shell metacharacters can cause trouble in $TERM. So a tainted $TERM is considered to be safe if it contains only alphanumerics, underscores, dashes, and colons, and unsafe if it contains other characters (including whitespace). NNNNeeeewwww OOOOppppccccooooddddeeee mmmmoooodddduuuulllleeee aaaannnndddd rrrreeeevvvviiiisssseeeedddd SSSSaaaaffffeeee mmmmoooodddduuuulllleeee A new Opcode module supports the creation, manipulation and application of opcode masks. The revised Safe module has a new API and is implemented using the new Opcode module. Please read the new Opcode and Safe documentation. EEEEmmmmbbbbeeeeddddddddiiiinnnngggg iiiimmmmpppprrrroooovvvveeeemmmmeeeennnnttttssss In older versions of Perl it was not possible to create more than one Perl interpreter instance inside a single process without leaking like a sieve and/or crashing. The bugs that caused this behavior have all been fixed. However, you still must take care when embedding Perl in a C program. See the updated perlembed manpage for tips on how to manage your interpreters. IIIInnnntttteeeerrrrnnnnaaaallll cccchhhhaaaannnnggggeeee:::: FFFFiiiilllleeeeHHHHaaaannnnddddlllleeee ccccllllaaaassssssss bbbbaaaasssseeeedddd oooonnnn IIIIOOOO::::::::**** ccccllllaaaasssssssseeeessss File handles are now stored internally as type IO::Handle. The FileHandle module is still supported for backwards compatibility, but it is now merely a front end to the IO::* Page 5 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) modules -- specifically, IO::Handle, IO::Seekable, and IO::File. We suggest, but do not require, that you use the IO::* modules in new code. In harmony with this change, *GLOB{FILEHANDLE} is now just a backward-compatible synonym for *GLOB{IO}. IIIInnnntttteeeerrrrnnnnaaaallll cccchhhhaaaannnnggggeeee:::: PPPPeeeerrrrllllIIIIOOOO aaaabbbbssssttttrrrraaaaccccttttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrffffaaaacccceeee It is now possible to build Perl with AT&T's sfio IO package instead of stdio. See the _p_e_r_l_a_p_i_o manpage for more details, and the _I_N_S_T_A_L_L file for how to use it. NNNNeeeewwww aaaannnndddd cccchhhhaaaannnnggggeeeedddd ssssyyyynnnnttttaaaaxxxx $coderef->(PARAMS) A subroutine reference may now be suffixed with an arrow and a (possibly empty) parameter list. This syntax denotes a call of the referenced subroutine, with the given parameters (if any). This new syntax follows the pattern of $hashref->{FOO} and $aryref->[$foo]: You may now write &$subref($foo) as $subref->($foo). All of these arrow terms may be chained; thus, &{$table->{FOO}}($bar) may now be written $table->{FOO}->($bar). NNNNeeeewwww aaaannnndddd cccchhhhaaaannnnggggeeeedddd bbbbuuuuiiiillllttttiiiinnnn ccccoooonnnnssssttttaaaannnnttttssss __PACKAGE__ The current package name at compile time, or the undefined value if there is no current package (due to a package; directive). Like __FILE__ and __LINE__, __PACKAGE__ does _n_o_t interpolate into strings. NNNNeeeewwww aaaannnndddd cccchhhhaaaannnnggggeeeedddd bbbbuuuuiiiillllttttiiiinnnn vvvvaaaarrrriiiiaaaabbbblllleeeessss $^E Extended error message on some platforms. (Also known as $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR if you use English). $^H The current set of syntax checks enabled by use strict. See the documentation of strict for more details. Not actually new, but newly documented. Because it is intended for internal use by Perl core components, there is no use English long name for this variable. $^M By default, running out of memory it is not trappable. However, if compiled for this, Perl may use the contents of $^M as an emergency pool after _d_i_e()ing with this message. Suppose that your Perl were compiled with -DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK and used Perl's malloc. Then Page 6 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) $^M = 'a' x (1<<16); would allocate a 64K buffer for use when in emergency. See the _I_N_S_T_A_L_L file for information on how to enable this option. As a disincentive to casual use of this advanced feature, there is no use English long name for this variable. NNNNeeeewwww aaaannnndddd cccchhhhaaaannnnggggeeeedddd bbbbuuuuiiiillllttttiiiinnnn ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss delete on slices This now works. (e.g. delete @ENV{'PATH', 'MANPATH'}) flock is now supported on more platforms, prefers fcntl to lockf when emulating, and always flushes before (un)locking. printf and sprintf Perl now implements these functions itself; it doesn't use the C library function _s_p_r_i_n_t_f() any more, except for floating-point numbers, and even then only known flags are allowed. As a result, it is now possible to know which conversions and flags will work, and what they will do. The new conversions in Perl's _s_p_r_i_n_t_f() are: %i a synonym for %d %p a pointer (the address of the Perl value, in hexadecimal) %n special: *stores* the number of characters output so far into the next variable in the parameter list The new flags that go between the % and the conversion are: # prefix octal with "0", hex with "0x" h interpret integer as C type "short" or "unsigned short" V interpret integer as Perl's standard integer type Also, where a number would appear in the flags, an asterisk ("*") may be used instead, in which case Perl uses the next item in the parameter list as the given number (that is, as the field width or precision). If a field width obtained through "*" is negative, it has the same effect as the '-' flag: left-justification. See the sprintf entry in the _p_e_r_l_f_u_n_c manpage for a complete list of conversion and flags. keys as an lvalue As an lvalue, keys allows you to increase the number of Page 7 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) hash buckets allocated for the given hash. This can gain you a measure of efficiency if you know the hash is going to get big. (This is similar to pre-extending an array by assigning a larger number to $#array.) If you say keys %hash = 200; then %hash will have at least 200 buckets allocated for it. These buckets will be retained even if you do %hash = (); use undef %hash if you want to free the storage while %hash is still in scope. You can't shrink the number of buckets allocated for the hash using keys in this way (but you needn't worry about doing this by accident, as trying has no effect). my() in Control Structures You can now use _m_y() (with or without the parentheses) in the control expressions of control structures such as: while (defined(my $line = <>)) { $line = lc $line; } continue { print $line; } if ((my $answer = <STDIN>) =~ /^y(es)?$/i) { user_agrees(); } elsif ($answer =~ /^n(o)?$/i) { user_disagrees(); } else { chomp $answer; die "`$answer' is neither `yes' nor `no'"; } Also, you can declare a foreach loop control variable as lexical by preceding it with the word "my". For example, in: foreach my $i (1, 2, 3) { some_function(); } $i is a lexical variable, and the scope of $i extends to the end of the loop, but not beyond it. Note that you still cannot use _m_y() on global punctuation variables such as $_ and the like. pack() and unpack() A new format 'w' represents a BER compressed integer Page 8 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) (as defined in ASN.1). Its format is a sequence of one or more bytes, each of which provides seven bits of the total value, with the most significant first. Bit eight of each byte is set, except for the last byte, in which bit eight is clear. If 'p' or 'P' are given undef as values, they now generate a NULL pointer. Both _p_a_c_k() and _u_n_p_a_c_k() now fail when their templates contain invalid types. (Invalid types used to be ignored.) sysseek() The new _s_y_s_s_e_e_k() operator is a variant of _s_e_e_k() that sets and gets the file's system read/write position, using the _l_s_e_e_k(2) system call. It is the only reliable way to seek before using _s_y_s_r_e_a_d() or _s_y_s_w_r_i_t_e(). Its return value is the new position, or the undefined value on failure. use VERSION If the first argument to use is a number, it is treated as a version number instead of a module name. If the version of the Perl interpreter is less than VERSION, then an error message is printed and Perl exits immediately. Because use occurs at compile time, this check happens immediately during the compilation process, unlike require VERSION, which waits until runtime for the check. This is often useful if you need to check the current Perl version before useing library modules which have changed in incompatible ways from older versions of Perl. (We try not to do this more than we have to.) use Module VERSION LIST If the VERSION argument is present between Module and LIST, then the use will call the VERSION method in class Module with the given version as an argument. The default VERSION method, inherited from the UNIVERSAL class, croaks if the given version is larger than the value of the variable $Module::VERSION. (Note that there is not a comma after VERSION!) This version-checking mechanism is similar to the one currently used in the Exporter module, but it is faster and can be used with modules that don't use the Exporter. It is the recommended method for new code. prototype(FUNCTION) Returns the prototype of a function as a string (or undef if the function has no prototype). FUNCTION is a Page 9 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) reference to or the name of the function whose prototype you want to retrieve. (Not actually new; just never documented before.) srand The default seed for srand, which used to be time, has been changed. Now it's a heady mix of difficult-to- predict system-dependent values, which should be sufficient for most everyday purposes. Previous to version 5.004, calling rand without first calling srand would yield the same sequence of random numbers on most or all machines. Now, when perl sees that you're calling rand and haven't yet called srand, it calls srand with the default seed. You should still call srand manually if your code might ever be run on a pre-5.004 system, of course, or if you want a seed other than the default. $_ as Default Functions documented in the Camel to default to $_ now in fact do, and all those that do are so documented in the _p_e_r_l_f_u_n_c manpage. m//gc does not reset search position on failure The m//g match iteration construct has always reset its target string's search position (which is visible through the pos operator) when a match fails; as a result, the next m//g match after a failure starts again at the beginning of the string. With Perl 5.004, this reset may be disabled by adding the "c" (for "continue") modifier, i.e. m//gc. This feature, in conjunction with the \G zero-width assertion, makes it possible to chain matches together. See the _p_e_r_l_o_p manpage and the _p_e_r_l_r_e manpage. m//x ignores whitespace before ?*+{} The m//x construct has always been intended to ignore all unescaped whitespace. However, before Perl 5.004, whitespace had the effect of escaping repeat modifiers like "*" or "?"; for example, /a *b/x was (mis)interpreted as /a\*b/x. This bug has been fixed in 5.004. nested sub{} closures work now Prior to the 5.004 release, nested anonymous functions didn't work right. They do now. formats work right on changing lexicals Just like anonymous functions that contain lexical variables that change (like a lexical index variable for a foreach loop), formats now work properly. For Page 10 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) example, this silently failed before (printed only zeros), but is fine now: my $i; foreach $i ( 1 .. 10 ) { write; } format = my i is @# $i . However, it still fails (without a warning) if the foreach is within a subroutine: my $i; sub foo { foreach $i ( 1 .. 10 ) { write; } } foo; format = my i is @# $i . NNNNeeeewwww bbbbuuuuiiiillllttttiiiinnnn mmmmeeeetttthhhhooooddddssss The UNIVERSAL package automatically contains the following methods that are inherited by all other classes: isa(CLASS) isa returns _t_r_u_e if its object is blessed into a subclass of CLASS isa is also exportable and can be called as a sub with two arguments. This allows the ability to check what a reference points to. Example: use UNIVERSAL qw(isa); if(isa($ref, 'ARRAY')) { ... } can(METHOD) can checks to see if its object has a method called METHOD, if it does then a reference to the sub is returned; if it does not then _u_n_d_e_f is returned. Page 11 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) VERSION( [NEED] ) VERSION returns the version number of the class (package). If the NEED argument is given then it will check that the current version (as defined by the $VERSION variable in the given package) not less than NEED; it will die if this is not the case. This method is normally called as a class method. This method is called automatically by the VERSION form of use. use A 1.2 qw(some imported subs); # implies: A->VERSION(1.2); NNNNOOOOTTTTEEEE:::: can directly uses Perl's internal code for method lookup, and isa uses a very similar method and caching strategy. This may cause strange effects if the Perl code dynamically changes @ISA in any package. You may add other methods to the UNIVERSAL class via Perl or XS code. You do not need to use UNIVERSAL in order to make these methods available to your program. This is necessary only if you wish to have isa available as a plain subroutine in the current package. TTTTIIIIEEEEHHHHAAAANNNNDDDDLLLLEEEE nnnnoooowwww ssssuuuuppppppppoooorrrrtttteeeedddd See the _p_e_r_l_t_i_e manpage for other kinds of _t_i_e()s. TIEHANDLE classname, LIST This is the constructor for the class. That means it is expected to return an object of some sort. The reference can be used to hold some internal information. sub TIEHANDLE { print "<shout>\n"; my $i; return bless \$i, shift; } PRINT this, LIST This method will be triggered every time the tied handle is printed to. Beyond its self reference it also expects the list that was passed to the print function. Page 12 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) sub PRINT { $r = shift; $$r++; return print join( $, => map {uc} @_), $\; } PRINTF this, LIST This method will be triggered every time the tied handle is printed to with the printf() function. Beyond its self reference it also expects the format and list that was passed to the printf function. sub PRINTF { shift; my $fmt = shift; print sprintf($fmt, @_)."\n"; } READ this LIST This method will be called when the handle is read from via the read or sysread functions. sub READ { $r = shift; my($buf,$len,$offset) = @_; print "READ called, \$buf=$buf, \$len=$len, \$offset=$offset"; } READLINE this This method will be called when the handle is read from. The method should return undef when there is no more data. sub READLINE { $r = shift; return "PRINT called $$r times\n" } GETC this This method will be called when the getc function is called. sub GETC { print "Don't GETC, Get Perl"; return "a"; } DESTROY this As with the other types of ties, this method will be called when the tied handle is about to be destroyed. Page 13 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) This is useful for debugging and possibly for cleaning up. sub DESTROY { print "</shout>\n"; } MMMMaaaalllllllloooocccc eeeennnnhhhhaaaannnncccceeeemmmmeeeennnnttttssss If perl is compiled with the malloc included with the perl distribution (that is, if perl -V:d_mymalloc is 'define') then you can print memory statistics at runtime by running Perl thusly: env PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS=2 perl your_script_here The value of 2 means to print statistics after compilation and on exit; with a value of 1, the statistics are printed only on exit. (If you want the statistics at an arbitrary time, you'll need to install the optional module Devel::Peek.) Three new compilation flags are recognized by malloc.c. (They have no effect if perl is compiled with system _m_a_l_l_o_c().) -DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK If this macro is defined, running out of memory need not be a fatal error: a memory pool can allocated by assigning to the special variable $^M. See the section on $^_M. -DPACK_MALLOC Perl memory allocation is by bucket with sizes close to powers of two. Because of these malloc overhead may be big, especially for data of size exactly a power of two. If PACK_MALLOC is defined, perl uses a slightly different algorithm for small allocations (up to 64 bytes long), which makes it possible to have overhead down to 1 byte for allocations which are powers of two (and appear quite often). Expected memory savings (with 8-byte alignment in alignbytes) is about 20% for typical Perl usage. Expected slowdown due to additional malloc overhead is in fractions of a percent (hard to measure, because of the effect of saved memory on speed). -DTWO_POT_OPTIMIZE Similarly to PACK_MALLOC, this macro improves allocations of data with size close to a power of two; Page 14 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) but this works for big allocations (starting with 16K by default). Such allocations are typical for big hashes and special-purpose scripts, especially image processing. On recent systems, the fact that perl requires 2M from system for 1M allocation will not affect speed of execution, since the tail of such a chunk is not going to be touched (and thus will not require real memory). However, it may result in a premature out-of-memory error. So if you will be manipulating very large blocks with sizes close to powers of two, it would be wise to define this macro. Expected saving of memory is 0-100% (100% in applications which require most memory in such 2**n chunks); expected slowdown is negligible. MMMMiiiisssscccceeeellllllllaaaannnneeeeoooouuuussss eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy eeeennnnhhhhaaaannnncccceeeemmmmeeeennnnttttssss Functions that have an empty prototype and that do nothing but return a fixed value are now inlined (e.g. sub PI () { 3.14159 }). Each unique hash key is only allocated once, no matter how many hashes have an entry with that key. So even if you have 100 copies of the same hash, the hash keys never have to be reallocated. SSSSuuuuppppppppoooorrrrtttt ffffoooorrrr MMMMoooorrrreeee OOOOppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiinnnngggg SSSSyyyysssstttteeeemmmmssss Support for the following operating systems is new in Perl 5.004. WWWWiiiinnnn33332222 Perl 5.004 now includes support for building a "native" perl under Windows NT, using the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler (versions 2.0 and above) or the Borland C++ compiler (versions 5.02 and above). The resulting perl can be used under Windows 95 (if it is installed in the same directory locations as it got installed in Windows NT). This port includes support for perl extension building tools like the _M_a_k_e_M_a_k_e_r manpage and the _h_2_x_s manpage, so that many extensions available on the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN) can now be readily built under Windows NT. See http://www.perl.com/ for more information on CPAN and _R_E_A_D_M_E._w_i_n_3_2 in the perl distribution for more details on how to get started with building this port. There is also support for building perl under the Cygwin32 environment. Cygwin32 is a set of GNU tools that make it possible to compile and run many UNIX programs under Windows Page 15 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) NT by providing a mostly UNIX-like interface for compilation and execution. See _R_E_A_D_M_E._c_y_g_w_i_n_3_2 in the perl distribution for more details on this port and how to obtain the Cygwin32 toolkit. PPPPllllaaaannnn 9999 See _R_E_A_D_M_E._p_l_a_n_9 in the perl distribution. QQQQNNNNXXXX See _R_E_A_D_M_E._q_n_x in the perl distribution. AAAAmmmmiiiiggggaaaaOOOOSSSS See _R_E_A_D_M_E._a_m_i_g_a_o_s in the perl distribution. PPPPrrrraaaaggggmmmmaaaattttaaaa Six new pragmatic modules exist: use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3) Defers require MODULE until someone calls one of the specified subroutines (which must be exported by MODULE). This pragma should be used with caution, and only when necessary. use blib use blib 'dir' Looks for MakeMaker-like '_b_l_i_b' directory structure starting in _d_i_r (or current directory) and working back up to five levels of parent directories. Intended for use on command line with ----MMMM option as a way of testing arbitrary scripts against an uninstalled version of a package. use constant NAME => VALUE Provides a convenient interface for creating compile- time constants, See the section on _C_o_n_s_t_a_n_t _F_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_s in the _p_e_r_l_s_u_b manpage. use locale Tells the compiler to enable (or disable) the use of POSIX locales for builtin operations. When use locale is in effect, the current LC_CTYPE locale is used for regular expressions and case mapping; LC_COLLATE for string ordering; and LC_NUMERIC for numeric formating in printf and sprintf (but nnnnooootttt in print). LC_NUMERIC is always used in write, since lexical scoping of formats is problematic at best. Page 16 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) Each use locale or no locale affects statements to the end of the enclosing BLOCK or, if not inside a BLOCK, to the end of the current file. Locales can be switched and queried with _P_O_S_I_X::_s_e_t_l_o_c_a_l_e(). See the _p_e_r_l_l_o_c_a_l_e manpage for more information. use ops Disable unsafe opcodes, or any named opcodes, when compiling Perl code. use vmsish Enable VMS-specific language features. Currently, there are three VMS-specific features available: 'status', which makes $? and system return genuine VMS status values instead of emulating POSIX; 'exit', which makes exit take a genuine VMS status value instead of assuming that exit 1 is an error; and 'time', which makes all times relative to the local time zone, in the VMS tradition. MMMMoooodddduuuulllleeeessss RRRReeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeedddd UUUUppppddddaaaatttteeeessss Though Perl 5.004 is compatible with almost all modules that work with Perl 5.003, there are a few exceptions: Module Required Version for Perl 5.004 ------ ------------------------------- Filter Filter-1.12 LWP libwww-perl-5.08 Tk Tk400.202 (-w makes noise) Also, the majordomo mailing list program, version 1.94.1, doesn't work with Perl 5.004 (nor with perl 4), because it executes an invalid regular expression. This bug is fixed in majordomo version 1.94.2. IIIInnnnssssttttaaaallllllllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrriiiieeeessss The _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_p_e_r_l script now places the Perl source files for extensions in the architecture-specific library directory, which is where the shared libraries for extensions have always been. This change is intended to allow administrators to keep the Perl 5.004 library directory unchanged from a previous version, without running the risk of binary incompatibility between extensions' Perl source and shared libraries. Page 17 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) MMMMoooodddduuuulllleeee iiiinnnnffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ssssuuuummmmmmmmaaaarrrryyyy Brand new modules, arranged by topic rather than strictly alphabetically: CGI.pm Web server interface ("Common Gateway Interface") CGI/Apache.pm Support for Apache's Perl module CGI/Carp.pm Log server errors with helpful context CGI/Fast.pm Support for FastCGI (persistent server process) CGI/Push.pm Support for server push CGI/Switch.pm Simple interface for multiple server types CPAN Interface to Comprehensive Perl Archive Network CPAN::FirstTime Utility for creating CPAN configuration file CPAN::Nox Runs CPAN while avoiding compiled extensions IO.pm Top-level interface to IO::* classes IO/File.pm IO::File extension Perl module IO/Handle.pm IO::Handle extension Perl module IO/Pipe.pm IO::Pipe extension Perl module IO/Seekable.pm IO::Seekable extension Perl module IO/Select.pm IO::Select extension Perl module IO/Socket.pm IO::Socket extension Perl module Opcode.pm Disable named opcodes when compiling Perl code ExtUtils/Embed.pm Utilities for embedding Perl in C programs ExtUtils/testlib.pm Fixes up @INC to use just-built extension FindBin.pm Find path of currently executing program Class/Struct.pm Declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes File/stat.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin stat Net/hostent.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin gethost* Net/netent.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin getnet* Net/protoent.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin getproto* Net/servent.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin getserv* Time/gmtime.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin gmtime Time/localtime.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin localtime Time/tm.pm Internal object for Time::{gm,local}time User/grent.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin getgr* User/pwent.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin getpw* Tie/RefHash.pm Base class for tied hashes with references as keys UNIVERSAL.pm Base class for *ALL* classes FFFFccccnnnnttttllll New constants in the existing Fcntl modules are now supported, provided that your operating system happens to Page 18 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) support them: F_GETOWN F_SETOWN O_ASYNC O_DEFER O_DSYNC O_FSYNC O_SYNC O_EXLOCK O_SHLOCK These constants are intended for use with the Perl operators _s_y_s_o_p_e_n() and _f_c_n_t_l() and the basic database modules like SDBM_File. For the exact meaning of these and other Fcntl constants please refer to your operating system's documentation for _f_c_n_t_l() and _o_p_e_n(). In addition, the Fcntl module now provides these constants for use with the Perl operator _f_l_o_c_k(): LOCK_SH LOCK_EX LOCK_NB LOCK_UN These constants are defined in all environments (because where there is no _f_l_o_c_k() system call, Perl emulates it). However, for historical reasons, these constants are not exported unless they are explicitly requested with the ":flock" tag (e.g. use Fcntl ':flock'). IIIIOOOO The IO module provides a simple mechanism to load all of the IO modules at one go. Currently this includes: IO::Handle IO::Seekable IO::File IO::Pipe IO::Socket For more information on any of these modules, please see its respective documentation. MMMMaaaatttthhhh::::::::CCCCoooommmmpppplllleeeexxxx The Math::Complex module has been totally rewritten, and now supports more operations. These are overloaded: + - * / ** <=> neg ~ abs sqrt exp log sin cos atan2 "" (stringify) And these functions are now exported: Page 19 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) pi i Re Im arg log10 logn ln cbrt root tan csc sec cot asin acos atan acsc asec acot sinh cosh tanh csch sech coth asinh acosh atanh acsch asech acoth cplx cplxe MMMMaaaatttthhhh::::::::TTTTrrrriiiigggg This new module provides a simpler interface to parts of Math::Complex for those who need trigonometric functions only for real numbers. DDDDBBBB____FFFFiiiilllleeee There have been quite a few changes made to DB_File. Here are a few of the highlights: +o Fixed a handful of bugs. +o By public demand, added support for the standard hash function _e_x_i_s_t_s(). +o Made it compatible with Berkeley DB 1.86. +o Made negative subscripts work with RECNO interface. +o Changed the default flags from O_RDWR to O_CREAT|O_RDWR and the default mode from 0640 to 0666. +o Made DB_File automatically import the _o_p_e_n() constants (O_RDWR, O_CREAT etc.) from Fcntl, if available. +o Updated documentation. Refer to the HISTORY section in DB_File.pm for a complete list of changes. Everything after DB_File 1.01 has been added since 5.003. NNNNeeeetttt::::::::PPPPiiiinnnngggg Major rewrite - support added for both udp echo and real icmp pings. Page 20 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) OOOObbbbjjjjeeeecccctttt----oooorrrriiiieeeennnntttteeeedddd oooovvvveeeerrrrrrrriiiiddddeeeessss ffffoooorrrr bbbbuuuuiiiillllttttiiiinnnn ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttoooorrrrssss Many of the Perl builtins returning lists now have object- oriented overrides. These are: File::stat Net::hostent Net::netent Net::protoent Net::servent Time::gmtime Time::localtime User::grent User::pwent For example, you can now say use File::stat; use User::pwent; $his = (stat($filename)->st_uid == pwent($whoever)->pw_uid); UUUUttttiiiilllliiiittttyyyy CCCChhhhaaaannnnggggeeeessss ppppoooodddd2222hhhhttttmmmmllll Sends converted HTML to standard output The _p_o_d_2_h_t_m_l utility included with Perl 5.004 is entirely new. By default, it sends the converted HTML to its standard output, instead of writing it to a file like Perl 5.003's _p_o_d_2_h_t_m_l did. Use the -------- oooouuuuttttffffiiiilllleeee====FFFFIIIILLLLEEEENNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE option to write to a file. xxxxssssuuuubbbbpppppppp void XSUBs now default to returning nothing Due to a documentation/implementation bug in previous versions of Perl, XSUBs with a return type of void have actually been returning one value. Usually that value was the GV for the XSUB, but sometimes it was some already freed or reused value, which would sometimes lead to program failure. In Perl 5.004, if an XSUB is declared as returning void, it actually returns no value, i.e. an empty list (though there is a backward-compatibility exception; see below). If your XSUB really does return an SV, you should give it a return type of SV *. For backward compatibility, _x_s_u_b_p_p tries to guess whether a void XSUB is really void or if it wants to return an SV *. It does so by examining the text of the XSUB: if _x_s_u_b_p_p finds what looks like an assignment Page 21 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) to ST(0), it assumes that the XSUB's return type is really SV *. CCCC LLLLaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee AAAAPPPPIIII CCCChhhhaaaannnnggggeeeessss gv_fetchmethod and perl_call_sv The gv_fetchmethod function finds a method for an object, just like in Perl 5.003. The GV it returns may be a method cache entry. However, in Perl 5.004, method cache entries are not visible to users; therefore, they can no longer be passed directly to perl_call_sv. Instead, you should use the GvCV macro on the GV to extract its CV, and pass the CV to perl_call_sv. The most likely symptom of passing the result of gv_fetchmethod to perl_call_sv is Perl's producing an "Undefined subroutine called" error on the _s_e_c_o_n_d call to a given method (since there is no cache on the first call). perl_eval_pv A new function handy for eval'ing strings of Perl code inside C code. This function returns the value from the eval statement, which can be used instead of fetching globals from the symbol table. See the _p_e_r_l_g_u_t_s manpage, the _p_e_r_l_e_m_b_e_d manpage and the _p_e_r_l_c_a_l_l manpage for details and examples. Extended API for manipulating hashes Internal handling of hash keys has changed. The old hashtable API is still fully supported, and will likely remain so. The additions to the API allow passing keys as SV*s, so that tied hashes can be given real scalars as keys rather than plain strings (nontied hashes still can only use strings as keys). New extensions must use the new hash access functions and macros if they wish to use SV* keys. These additions also make it feasible to manipulate HE*s (hash entries), which can be more efficient. See the _p_e_r_l_g_u_t_s manpage for details. DDDDooooccccuuuummmmeeeennnnttttaaaattttiiiioooonnnn CCCChhhhaaaannnnggggeeeessss Many of the base and library pods were updated. These new pods are included in section 1: the _p_e_r_l_d_e_l_t_a manpage This document. the _p_e_r_l_f_a_q manpage Frequently asked questions. the _p_e_r_l_l_o_c_a_l_e manpage Locale support (internationalization and localization). Page 22 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) the _p_e_r_l_t_o_o_t manpage Tutorial on Perl OO programming. the _p_e_r_l_a_p_i_o manpage Perl internal IO abstraction interface. the _p_e_r_l_m_o_d_l_i_b manpage Perl module library and recommended practice for module creation. Extracted from the _p_e_r_l_m_o_d manpage (which is much smaller as a result). the _p_e_r_l_d_e_b_u_g manpage Although not new, this has been massively updated. the _p_e_r_l_s_e_c manpage Although not new, this has been massively updated. NNNNeeeewwww DDDDiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooossssttttiiiiccccssss Several new conditions will trigger warnings that were silent before. Some only affect certain platforms. The following new warnings and errors outline these. These messages are classified as follows (listed in increasing order of desperation): (W) A warning (optional). (D) A deprecation (optional). (S) A severe warning (mandatory). (F) A fatal error (trappable). (P) An internal error you should never see (trappable). (X) A very fatal error (nontrappable). (A) An alien error message (not generated by Perl). "my" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same scope (W) A lexical variable has been redeclared in the same scope, effectively eliminating all access to the previous instance. This is almost always a typographical error. Note that the earlier variable will still exist until the end of the scope or until all closure referents to it are destroyed. %s argument is not a HASH element or slice (F) The argument to _d_e_l_e_t_e() must be either a hash element, such as $foo{$bar} $ref->[12]->{"susie"} or a hash slice, such as @foo{$bar, $baz, $xyzzy} @{$ref->[12]}{"susie", "queue"} Page 23 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) Allocation too large: %lx (X) You can't allocate more than 64K on an MS-DOS machine. Allocation too large (F) You can't allocate more than 2^31+"small amount" bytes. Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s) (W) The pattern match (//), substitution (s///), and transliteration (tr///) operators work on scalar values. If you apply one of them to an array or a hash, it will convert the array or hash to a scalar value -- the length of an array, or the population info of a hash -- and then work on that scalar value. This is probably not what you meant to do. See the grep entry in the _p_e_r_l_f_u_n_c manpage and the map entry in the _p_e_r_l_f_u_n_c manpage for alternatives. Attempt to free nonexistent shared string (P) Perl maintains a reference counted internal table of strings to optimize the storage and access of hash keys and other strings. This indicates someone tried to decrement the reference count of a string that can no longer be found in the table. Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr (W) You supplied a reference as the first argument to _s_u_b_s_t_r() used as an lvalue, which is pretty strange. Perhaps you forgot to dereference it first. See the substr entry in the _p_e_r_l_f_u_n_c manpage. Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package (W) You used a qualified bareword of the form Foo::, but the compiler saw no other uses of that namespace before that point. Perhaps you need to predeclare a package? Can't redefine active sort subroutine %s (F) Perl optimizes the internal handling of sort subroutines and keeps pointers into them. You tried to redefine one such sort subroutine when it was currently active, which is not allowed. If you really want to do this, you should write sort { &func } @x instead of sort func @x. Can't use bareword '%s' as %s ref while "strict refs" in use (F) Only hard references are allowed by "strict refs". Symbolic references are disallowed. See the _p_e_r_l_r_e_f manpage. Page 24 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) Cannot resolve method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s' (P) Internal error trying to resolve overloading specified by a method name (as opposed to a subroutine reference). Constant subroutine %s redefined (S) You redefined a subroutine which had previously been eligible for inlining. See the section on _C_o_n_s_t_a_n_t _F_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_s in the _p_e_r_l_s_u_b manpage for commentary and workarounds. Constant subroutine %s undefined (S) You undefined a subroutine which had previously been eligible for inlining. See the section on _C_o_n_s_t_a_n_t _F_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_s in the _p_e_r_l_s_u_b manpage for commentary and workarounds. Copy method did not return a reference (F) The method which overloads "=" is buggy. See the section on _C_o_p_y _C_o_n_s_t_r_u_c_t_o_r in the _o_v_e_r_l_o_a_d manpage. Died (F) You passed _d_i_e() an empty string (the equivalent of die "") or you called it with no args and both $@ and $_ were empty. Exiting pseudo-block via %s (W) You are exiting a rather special block construct (like a sort block or subroutine) by unconventional means, such as a goto, or a loop control statement. See the sort entry in the _p_e_r_l_f_u_n_c manpage. Identifier too long (F) Perl limits identifiers (names for variables, functions, etc.) to 252 characters for simple names, somewhat more for compound names (like $A::B). You've exceeded Perl's limits. Future versions of Perl are likely to eliminate these arbitrary limitations. Illegal character %s (carriage return) (F) A carriage return character was found in the input. This is an error, and not a warning, because carriage return characters can break multi-line strings, including here documents (e.g., print <<EOF;). Illegal switch in PERL5OPT: %s (X) The PERL5OPT environment variable may only be used to set the following switches: ----[[[[DDDDIIIIMMMMUUUUddddmmmmwwww]]]]. Integer overflow in hex number (S) The literal hex number you have specified is too big for your architecture. On a 32-bit architecture the largest hex literal is 0xFFFFFFFF. Page 25 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) Integer overflow in octal number (S) The literal octal number you have specified is too big for your architecture. On a 32-bit architecture the largest octal literal is 037777777777. internal error: glob failed (P) Something went wrong with the external _p_r_o_g_r_a_m(s) used for glob and <*.c>. This may mean that your csh (C shell) is broken. If so, you should change all of the csh-related variables in config.sh: If you have tcsh, make the variables refer to it as if it were csh (e.g. full_csh='/usr/bin/tcsh'); otherwise, make them all empty (except that d_csh should be 'undef') so that Perl will think csh is missing. In either case, after editing config.sh, run ./Configure -S and rebuild Perl. Invalid conversion in %s: "%s" (W) Perl does not understand the given format conversion. See the sprintf entry in the _p_e_r_l_f_u_n_c manpage. Invalid type in pack: '%s' (F) The given character is not a valid pack type. See the pack entry in the _p_e_r_l_f_u_n_c manpage. Invalid type in unpack: '%s' (F) The given character is not a valid unpack type. See the unpack entry in the _p_e_r_l_f_u_n_c manpage. Name "%s::%s" used only once: possible typo (W) Typographical errors often show up as unique variable names. If you had a good reason for having a unique name, then just mention it again somehow to suppress the message (the use vars pragma is provided for just this purpose). Null picture in formline (F) The first argument to formline must be a valid format picture specification. It was found to be empty, which probably means you supplied it an uninitialized value. See the _p_e_r_l_f_o_r_m manpage. Offset outside string (F) You tried to do a read/write/send/recv operation with an offset pointing outside the buffer. This is difficult to imagine. The sole exception to this is that sysread()ing past the buffer will extend the buffer and zero pad the new area. Out of memory! (X|F) The _m_a_l_l_o_c() function returned 0, indicating there was insufficient remaining memory (or virtual Page 26 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) memory) to satisfy the request. The request was judged to be small, so the possibility to trap it depends on the way Perl was compiled. By default it is not trappable. However, if compiled for this, Perl may use the contents of $^M as an emergency pool after _d_i_e()ing with this message. In this case the error is trappable _o_n_c_e. Out of memory during request for %s (F) The _m_a_l_l_o_c() function returned 0, indicating there was insufficient remaining memory (or virtual memory) to satisfy the request. However, the request was judged large enough (compile-time default is 64K), so a possibility to shut down by trapping this error is granted. panic: frexp (P) The library function _f_r_e_x_p() failed, making _p_r_i_n_t_f("%f") impossible. Possible attempt to put comments in qw() list (W) _q_w() lists contain items separated by whitespace; as with literal strings, comment characters are not ignored, but are instead treated as literal data. (You may have used different delimiters than the parentheses shown here; braces are also frequently used.) You probably wrote something like this: @list = qw( a # a comment b # another comment ); when you should have written this: @list = qw( a b ); If you really want comments, build your list the old- fashioned way, with quotes and commas: @list = ( 'a', # a comment 'b', # another comment ); Page 27 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) Possible attempt to separate words with commas (W) _q_w() lists contain items separated by whitespace; therefore commas aren't needed to separate the items. (You may have used different delimiters than the parentheses shown here; braces are also frequently used.) You probably wrote something like this: qw! a, b, c !; which puts literal commas into some of the list items. Write it without commas if you don't want them to appear in your data: qw! a b c !; Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s} (W) You've used a hash slice (indicated by @) to select a single element of a hash. Generally it's better to ask for a scalar value (indicated by $). The difference is that $foo{&bar} always behaves like a scalar, both when assigning to it and when evaluating its argument, while @foo{&bar} behaves like a list when you assign to it, and provides a list context to its subscript, which can do weird things if you're expecting only one subscript. package `%s' Stub found while resolving method `%s' overloading `%s' in (P) Overloading resolution over @ISA tree may be broken by importing stubs. Stubs should never be implicitely created, but explicit calls to can may break this. Too late for "----TTTT" option (X) The #! line (or local equivalent) in a Perl script contains the ----TTTT option, but Perl was not invoked with ----TTTT in its argument list. This is an error because, by the time Perl discovers a ----TTTT in a script, it's too late to properly taint everything from the environment. So Perl gives up. untie attempted while %d inner references still exist (W) A copy of the object returned from tie (or tied) was still valid when untie was called. Unrecognized character %s (F) The Perl parser has no idea what to do with the specified character in your Perl script (or eval). Perhaps you tried to run a compressed script, a binary program, or a directory as a Perl program. Page 28 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) Unsupported function fork (F) Your version of executable does not support forking. Note that under some systems, like OS/2, there may be different flavors of Perl executables, some of which may support fork, some not. Try changing the name you call Perl by to perl_, perl__, and so on. Use of "$$<digit>" to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated (D) Perl versions before 5.004 misinterpreted any type marker followed by "$" and a digit. For example, "$$0" was incorrectly taken to mean "${$}0" instead of "${$0}". This bug is (mostly) fixed in Perl 5.004. However, the developers of Perl 5.004 could not fix this bug completely, because at least two widely-used modules depend on the old meaning of "$$0" in a string. So Perl 5.004 still interprets "$$<digit>" in the old (broken) way inside strings; but it generates this message as a warning. And in Perl 5.005, this special treatment will cease. Value of %s can be "0"; test with defined() (W) In a conditional expression, you used <HANDLE>, <*> (glob), each(), or readdir() as a boolean value. Each of these constructs can return a value of "0"; that would make the conditional expression false, which is probably not what you intended. When using these constructs in conditional expressions, test their values with the defined operator. Variable "%s" may be unavailable (W) An inner (nested) _a_n_o_n_y_m_o_u_s subroutine is inside a _n_a_m_e_d subroutine, and outside that is another subroutine; and the anonymous (innermost) subroutine is referencing a lexical variable defined in the outermost subroutine. For example: sub outermost { my $a; sub middle { sub { $a } } } If the anonymous subroutine is called or referenced (directly or indirectly) from the outermost subroutine, it will share the variable as you would expect. But if the anonymous subroutine is called or referenced when the outermost subroutine is not active, it will see the value of the shared variable as it was before and during the *first* call to the outermost subroutine, which is probably not what you want. In these circumstances, it is usually best to make the middle subroutine anonymous, using the sub {} syntax. Page 29 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) Perl has specific support for shared variables in nested anonymous subroutines; a named subroutine in between interferes with this feature. Variable "%s" will not stay shared (W) An inner (nested) _n_a_m_e_d subroutine is referencing a lexical variable defined in an outer subroutine. When the inner subroutine is called, it will probably see the value of the outer subroutine's variable as it was before and during the *first* call to the outer subroutine; in this case, after the first call to the outer subroutine is complete, the inner and outer subroutines will no longer share a common value for the variable. In other words, the variable will no longer be shared. Furthermore, if the outer subroutine is anonymous and references a lexical variable outside itself, then the outer and inner subroutines will _n_e_v_e_r share the given variable. This problem can usually be solved by making the inner subroutine anonymous, using the sub {} syntax. When inner anonymous subs that reference variables in outer subroutines are called or referenced, they are automatically rebound to the current values of such variables. Warning: something's wrong (W) You passed _w_a_r_n() an empty string (the equivalent of warn "") or you called it with no args and $_ was empty. Ill-formed logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter (W) A warning peculiar to VMS. A logical name was encountered when preparing to iterate over %ENV which violates the syntactic rules governing logical names. Since it cannot be translated normally, it is skipped, and will not appear in %ENV. This may be a benign occurrence, as some software packages might directly modify logical name tables and introduce nonstandard names, or it may indicate that a logical name table has been corrupted. Got an error from DosAllocMem (P) An error peculiar to OS/2. Most probably you're using an obsolete version of Perl, and this should not happen anyway. Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX (F) An error peculiar to OS/2. PERLLIB_PREFIX should Page 30 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) be of the form prefix1;prefix2 or prefix1 prefix2 with nonempty prefix1 and prefix2. If prefix1 is indeed a prefix of a builtin library search path, prefix2 is substituted. The error may appear if components are not found, or are too long. See "PERLLIB_PREFIX" in _R_E_A_D_M_E._o_s_2. PERL_SH_DIR too long (F) An error peculiar to OS/2. PERL_SH_DIR is the directory to find the sh-shell in. See "PERL_SH_DIR" in _R_E_A_D_M_E._o_s_2. Process terminated by SIG%s (W) This is a standard message issued by OS/2 applications, while *nix applications die in silence. It is considered a feature of the OS/2 port. One can easily disable this by appropriate sighandlers, see the section on _S_i_g_n_a_l_s in the _p_e_r_l_i_p_c manpage. See also "Process terminated by SIGTERM/SIGINT" in _R_E_A_D_M_E._o_s_2. BBBBUUUUGGGGSSSS If you find what you think is a bug, you might check the headers of recently posted articles in the comp.lang.perl.misc newsgroup. There may also be information at http://www.perl.com/perl/, the Perl Home Page. If you believe you have an unreported bug, please run the ppppeeeerrrrllllbbbbuuuugggg program included with your release. Make sure you trim your bug down to a tiny but sufficient test case. Your bug report, along with the output of perl -V, will be sent off to <_p_e_r_l_b_u_g@_p_e_r_l._c_o_m> to be analysed by the Perl porting team. SSSSEEEEEEEE AAAALLLLSSSSOOOO The _C_h_a_n_g_e_s file for exhaustive details on what changed. The _I_N_S_T_A_L_L file for how to build Perl. This file has been significantly updated for 5.004, so even veteran users should look through it. The _R_E_A_D_M_E file for general stuff. The _C_o_p_y_i_n_g file for copyright information. Page 31 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) HHHHIIIISSSSTTTTOOOORRRRYYYY Constructed by Tom Christiansen, grabbing material with permission from innumerable contributors, with kibitzing by more than a few Perl porters. Last update: Wed May 14 11:14:09 EDT 1997 Page 32 (printed 10/23/98) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111))))22223333////JJJJuuuullll////99998888 ((((ppppeeeerrrrllll 5555....000000005555,,,, ppppaaaattttcccchhhh 00002222)))) PPPPEEEERRRRLLLL5555000000004444DDDDEEEELLLLTTTTAAAA((((1111)))) Page 33 (printed 10/23/98)